Showing posts with label property law. Show all posts
Showing posts with label property law. Show all posts

Tuesday 19 April 2016

The practical implications for conveyancers arising out of the decision in Purrunsing v A’Court & Co & Anor - An article by David Pett Solicitor and Director MJP Conveyancing

HH Judge Pelling QC


In Purrunsing v A’Court & Co & Anor [2016] EWHC 789 (Ch) conveyancers for both the seller and buyer  were held liable for the actions of a rogue seller who committed a £470,000 property fraud.

In this article I examine the findings and provide some thoughts on how conveyancers may wish in the light of the decision to adapt certain parts of their processes. 





Facts

London based conveyancers Home Owners Conveyancing Limited (HOC) (the second defendant) acted for the purchaser (the claimant) of a property which was sold by a rogue seller who was purporting to be the registered owner of a £470,000 property.  The fraudster who claimed to be but was not the registered owner ‘Mr Dawson’ was represented by the Windsor based conveyancers A’Court & Co (ACC) (the first defendant).

By the time the fraud was discovered, the claimant has transferred the purchase monies to his conveyancer (HOC), and these monies had in turn been sent on to the fraudsters solicitors (ACC). Following completion of the transaction ACC then transferred funds to the fraudster to an account held in Dubai.

The issues

ACC the solicitors acting for the purported seller were initially found to have made the payments to the fraudster in breach of the duty of trust it owed to the claimant.

The issues before HH Judge Pelling QC in this case were as follows:

Having acted in breach of trust should ACC be granted relief under s61 of the Trustees Act 1925?  S61 provides:

"If it appears to the court that a trustee, whether appointed by the court or otherwise, is or may be personally liable for any breach of trust, … but has acted honestly and reasonably and ought fairly to be excused for the breach of the trust … then the court may relieve him either wholly or partly from personal liability for the same."

Should the claimant’s conveyancers (HOC) be liable to the Claimant for breach of contract or negligence?

In the event both firms of conveyancers should be held liable to the claimant how the liability should be apportioned between the two firms?

The findings – the claim against ACC (the ‘seller’s’ solicitors)

HH Judge Pelling found that ACC had not acted reasonably and were not entitled to relief under S61.

He based this on the following findings:

Upon considering the Money Laundering Regulations 2007 and the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 he concluded:

‘……..that is that the solicitor concerned is required to look at all of the information available and assess whether it is consistent with the transaction that the client wishes to carry out being a lawful one. That much is obvious from ss.327-329 and s.340 of POCA. As the Note makes clear, that exercise "… may include considering whether the client is actually the owner of the property they want to sell"’.

He added:

‘As I have explained already, that will not be necessary or appropriate in every case in which a solicitor is retained to act for the vendor of residential property. In each case a judgment will be required based on the risk posed by the transaction in question. That is the effect of the part of the Handbook [Conveyancing Handbook set out above, which emphasises the need for a risk-based approach to be taken’.

In short, the Judge stated that a reasonable solicitor carrying out due diligence required by the MLR and adopting as per the Conveyancing Handbook a risk based due diligence approach ought to have considered whether Mr Dawson was the owner of the property he was purporting to sell in order to assess whether the transaction was a lawful one.  I will deal with the practical implications of this shortly.

The findings – the claim against HOC (the buyer’s solicitors)

The finding that HOC has acted in breach of contract and or duty of care was based on the following general principle applicable when considering the extent of the duty of care owed by a conveyancer to a client:

‘That in general a solicitor or licensed conveyancer is not obliged to undertake investigations that are not expressly or impliedly requested by the client but that if in fact a solicitor or licenced conveyancer acquires information that may be of importance to a client, then it is the duty of the solicitor to bring that information to the attention of the client.'

In this case HOC had raised an enquiry with ACC in the following terms:

"Please confirm you are familiar with the sellers and will verify they are the sellers and check ID to support same"

In reply ACC had responded:

‘2) As explained to you over the telephone, prior to being approached to act on the sale we have no personal knowledge of Mr Dawson, but we confirm that we have met him in person and have seen his passport (and retain a copy of the photo page) together with utility bills etc showing his UK address as notified to us’.

There was a failure on the part of HOC to inform the claimant that this question had been raised and also to make the claimant aware of the significance of the reply even though it was found that the claimant had failed to read the replies sent to him.

The Judge found:

HOC was in breach of contract and/or duty to the claimant in failing to inform him that (a) Additional Enquiry (2) had been raised, (b) that the purpose of that additional enquiry was to attempt to establish a link between the property and the apparent vendor, and (c) the answers received showed that (i) ACC had no documents whatsoever relating to this property, save for those already received (and thus for example they did not have the Deed of Gift of which Mr Beach had made enquiries by the earlier letter from him to Mr A'Court of 16 October 2012); (ii) ACC had no personal knowledge of Mr Dawson, and (iii) ACC had not verified, and could not confirm from the information available to them, or at least had not confirmed from the information available to them, a link between the vendor and the property, and (d) in consequence, there was a risk in proceeding with the purchase.’

The findings – Contribution

The judge found both firms of conveyancers equally to blame having regard to ‘…relative causal potency as well as comparative blameworthiness by reference to the facts and matters…’

The Practical Implications when acting for the seller

It is clear that when acting for any client there is a need to carry out a risk assessment not only on the client but the transaction itself.  In carrying this out one needs to keep in mind the MLR, POCA and Conveyancing Handbook requirements and guidance. 

The case assists in identifying certain risk indicators that any responsible conveyancer would be foolish to ignore.

In this case the solicitors acting for the rouge seller chose to reply blindly on routine money laundering checks ignoring the following warning signs:

They knew that the property was unoccupied

They knew that it was not subject to a charge

They knew that Mr Dawson had given an address that was not either the address for the property or the alternative service address that appeared in the proprietorship register for the property.

It is abundantly clear that faced with these facts that a reasonable solicitor should obtain from a seller documentation of any sort that could establish a link between that individual and the property.  In this case there were two addresses shown for the registered proprietor none of which matched the address given by the rouge seller to ACC.

It should be kept in mind that ACC knew that that a previous attempt to sell the property on behalf of the rouge seller fell through after the then prospective buyer pulled out when the rouge seller failed to provide evidence of employment in Dubai.  

So where a seller produces evidence of identity and of an address which is not that shown on the land Registry title it would be prudent to insist that the seller produces documents or other evidence which shows a connection between the seller and that of the property to be sold.

I also suggest that it may in some circumstances be wise to ask for details of the solicitor who acted on the purchase of the property so that appropriate checks can be made with that solicitor over identity etc

The Practical Implications when acting for the Buyer

It seems to me that the buyer’s solicitor in this case fell foul due to raising a question which probably they did not need to raise.  Remember the Judge in this case found for the claimant because of a failure on the part of the conveyancer to ‘…ensure that the claimant proceeded at all times on an informed basis.’

Therefore one may be best advised not to raise questions that go behind the Land Registry evidence of title since once raised there is then a professional obligation to make sure the client is made aware of any question and to ensure that when the reply comes in that advice is given on the reply and that any ambiguity and or uncertainty is fully addressed.

The rouge seller’s first attempt to sale failed however after the buyer solicitor was asked for evidence of the seller’s employment in Dubai.

It may in the light of this be prudent to raise as standard enquiries the following questions:

Is the seller based in the UK? 

If not please provide evidence of the seller’s employment based abroad.

A fraudster could still get around this and provide fake evidence but with reference to the S61 defence and the findings in this case it would at the very least show some attempt of trying to protect the buyer’s money.

You may also wish to ask whether there have been any previous attempts to sell the property and if there were why these did not proceed.  

Remember however that if you raise the questions do make sure that you receive full and complete replies.

Other implications

It is clear that when receiving replies to enquiries there is an obligation on a conveyancer to ensure the client sees the replies as well as raising with the client any issue within those replies which could influence the client’s decision to proceed with the transaction.   Sending the replies out to the client and asking the client to simply read and digest is not sufficient.

Conclusion

There is nothing remarkable about this decision other than the fact it should act as a reminder to all conveyancers of the need to keep the risk of fraud in mind at every juncture of the transaction and if acting for a buyer not to assume in every case that the seller has carried out full risk based due diligence. 

David Pett - Solicitor 


MJP Conveyancing are solicitors who provide legal advice and services to clients based in England and Wales and who can be contacted on 01603877067 or via email at david@mjpconveyancing.com

Wednesday 13 November 2013

My property transaction is moving much too slowly. How can I speed it up?

Despite what you may hear from family and friends conveying a house or flat is not as straightforward as you may think.    There is not such animal as a ‘straightforward’ transaction and in the majority of cases there are issues which need to be addressed not only on your behalf but also on behalf of your lender if  you are borrowing money. 

Conveyancing takes time – most ‘delays’ are nothing of the sort, it just takes time to get searches and replies to enquiries and in many respects your solicitor is dependant on others over whom there is little control to provide input.   If you are in chain, everyone goes at the pace of the slowest link.  

Do ask you solicitor why things are going at the pace they are. Some are more proactive than others – if they are vague or don’t return phone calls then it is worth pressing them or asking to speak to a partner or director.

Estate agents can be important in chasing the seller and rest of chain to return documents as your solicitor will only be dealing with the other solicitors involved on your sale and/or purchase. Remember however estate agents have a vested interest in ensuring that transactions are progressed promptly and therefore some do become embroiled in the game of blame apportionment.   Don't always believe an agent if the agent says its your solicitor who is dragging his or her heels. 

Imposing a deadline can sometimes work but it is risky. It should only be used if you are actually prepared to withdraw if it is not met. Imposing a deadline should only be used if people really are delaying – there is a good chance that it will not achieve anything as if there is a genuine hold-up then it will be impossible for it to be resolved any quicker and will just aggravate everyone involved in the chain. 

If there is a major delay you will need to decide whether you are happy to wait or not. Please try to keep a good relationship and a three way dialogue with conveyancer, agent and your seller or buyer.  This is the best way to ensure that a transaction goes smoothly – just remember, some things do take a while!

Always work with and not against your solicitor and keep in mind that your solicitor may be handling a large number of transactions in addition to yours.    Only ever contact your solicitor if is absolutely essential.  Many solicitors find it difficult to progress transactions because of the time they spend ion the phone answering routine client requests for updates. 

Some solicitors operate as we do online updating software which makes it easy to obtain progress reports 24/7. MJP Conveyancing are solicitors who provide legal advice and services to clients based in England and Wales and who can be contacted on 01603877000 or via email at davidpett@m-j-p.co.uk

Saturday 17 August 2013

Property Law Implications of Fracking


What is Fracking?
It is a process whereby natural gas is extracted from beneath the earth though hydraulic fracturing.  It is not a new process; it has taken place in this country for many years now. 
This type of mining has in the United States led to a substantial reduction in the price of gas for industry and consumer – a reduction of around a third. The Government is hoping for a similar result in the UK  given the existence of massive reserves of shale gas.
There is no legal framework for governing Fracking within the UK. The Government hopes the current safeguards built within environmental and planning law will be sufficient to protect the environment and communities.
So who owns the shale gas? 
In the US it belongs to the landowner whereas in the UK the Crown owns it (Petroleum Act 1988).  So there is unlikely to be Dallas like windfalls on offer.
However to mine the gas the contractor still needs the consent and the cooperation of the landowner to be able to drill down for the extraction to take place. If the drilling company proceeds without their consent and co-operation, it could face delays in starting or continuing to drill or it could find itself unable to drill or continue drilling at all. One project could given the horizontal drilling involve a multiple of landowners as the local authority and the regulators.
Can a landowner claim compensation?
A Government licence is needed to extract it. The licence holder can obtain ancillary rights under the Mines (Working Facilities and Support) Act 1966 - for example, to occupy land, to obtain a water supply, to dispose of effluent, to erect buildings and to lay pipes. The court will grant such rights if it is not possible to agree terms with the Landowner.
Compensation and costs can be sought from the contractor and if necessary awarded by the Court though the measure of that compensation will be based not on the value of the extraction by the contractor but rather the financial loss the landowner will suffer by not having the land available to use.
Common Law and Statute therefore offer protection to the landowner and financial recompense as well as costs will be available.  How the law dovetails with the owners of mineral rights (which need to be registered at the Land Registry by 12 October 2013) and the rights of adjoining land whose land the process may damage/disturb remains to be seen.
MJP Conveyancing  - David Pett

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